Lebda Medical Journal is a free-to-publish, peer-reviewed, open access journal that aims to publish high quality papers rapidly and freely available to researchers worldwide. Lebda Medical Journal is an Open Access Printed & Online journal, publishing Original Articles, Review Articles, Short Communications and Case Reports in all Medical, Pharmaceutical and Biology areas .
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Properties of Olive Oil Extract on Selected Pathogenic Bacteria (Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Klebsiella pneumoniae).
Background: Olive (Olea europaea L.) products, including fruit, oil, and leaves, are rich in bioactive phenolic compounds with diverse biological activities. Olive leaf extract has gained attention as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent, with reported benefits for cardiovascular and immune health. Key constituents such as oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol exhibit inhibitory effects against pathogens including Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of olive-derived phytochemicals in combating antimicrobial resistance. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of olive leaf extract against two pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial potential of olive leaf extract was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. Ciprofloxacin and co‑trimoxazole served as standard reference antibiotics. Zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters (mm) at different extract concentrations (15, 25, 30, and 60 mg/ml). Results: For Klebsiella pneumoniae, the olive leaf extract produced inhibition zones of 0, 14 ± 0.4, 15.1 ± 0.6, and 17 ± 0.8 mm at concentrations of 15, 25, 30, and 60 mg/ml, respectively. For Staphylococcus haemolyticus, the inhibition zones were 11.6 ± 1.10, 14 ± 0.75, 15 ± 0.8, and 15.5 ± 1.29 mm at the same concentrations. Notably, the 60 mg/ml formulation demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (17 mm), which was comparable to the standard co‑trimoxazole (16 mm). Conclusion: Olive leaf extract exhibits significant antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The strongest effect was observed at 60 mg/ml, suggesting its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent comparable to conventional antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lebda Medical Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
mRNA Vaccines for Solid Tumors: Review and Analysis
Background: Personalized messenger RNA (mRNA) cancer vaccines represent a novel class of immunotherapeutic designed to elicit patient-specific anti-tumor responses. Despite promising immunogenicity and safety profiles in early-phase trials, comprehensive evidence on their survival benefit remains limited. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis, adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, was conducted to assess the impact of personalized mRNA cancer vaccines on overall survival (OS) in patients with solid tumors. Literature from 2010 to 2025 was screened across major databases. Four studies meeting predefined eligibility criteria were included. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were synthesized using a random-effects model to account for inter-study variability. Results: The meta-analysis yielded a pooled HR of 0.64 (95% CI: 0.40–1.00), indicating a 36% reduction in mortality risk for patients treated with personalized mRNA vaccines compared to conventional therapies or placebo. Heterogeneity across studies was moderate, and all included trials demonstrated HRs favoring vaccine intervention. Conclusion: Personalized mRNA cancer vaccines are associated with a statistically and clinically meaningful improvement in overall survival among patients with solid tumors. These findings underscore the therapeutic promise of individualized mRNA immunotherapy and support the advancement of large-scale randomized phase III trials to validate efficacy across broader patient populations.
Insulin Resistance and Vitamin D Deficiency in Relation to Body Mass Index
Background: Vitamin D deficiency and obesity are worldwide health issues associated with metabolic diseases. Aims: This study examined the association between vitamin D insufficiency and insulin resistance (IR) and body mass index (BMI) in Zliten, Libya, to assess whether BMI modulates the association between vitamin D and IR. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 60 individuals (18-60 years) was conducted. Serum 25(OH)D, fasting glucose, and insulin were measured using automated chemiluminescence. IR was calculated via HOMA-IR. Results: Participants showed a mean BMI of 40.28 (morbid obesity), vitamin D of 21.04 ng/mL (deficiency), and HOMA-IR of 4.97. While regression analysis showed weak overall predictors, Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between vitamin D and HOMA-IR (p=0.031). Conclusion: Vitamin D and BMI were not strong sole predictors of IR in this morbidly obese cohort, although a significant inverse association between vitamin D and IR was observed.
Undiagnosed Diabetes and Insulin Resistance Hidden Behind Self‑Report in Libyan Adults
Background: Self‑reported diabetes status is commonly used in epidemiologic surveys but may misclassify glycaemic status and metabolic risk. Objective: To evaluate agreement between pre‑test self‑reported diabetes status and laboratory‑confirmed HbA1c and insulin resistance (IR) classifications in a Libyan adult sample. Methods: Cross‑sectional secondary analysis of N = 223 adults enrolled in a HOMA‑IR cutoff study in Zletin, Libya. Participants answered a pre‑specimen questionnaire item (“Do you have diabetes?”: Yes / No / Don’t know) and provided blood for HbA1c and biochemical IR classification (HOMA‑IR–based categories). HbA1c was categorized as Normal (<5.7%), Prediabetic (5.7–6.4%), and Diabetic (≥6.5%). Cross‑tabulations, Pearson chi‑square, and Spearman rank‑order correlation were used to examine associations; significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Self‑report: 20.6% Yes, 76.7% No, 2.7% Don’t know. HbA1c classification: 50.7% Normal, 26.5% Prediabetic, 22.9% Diabetic. Cross‑tabulation showed 84.8% of self‑reported diabetics had diabetic‑range HbA1c; 4.1% of those denying diabetes had diabetic‑range HbA1c; 83.3% of “Don’t know” respondents were diabetic by HbA1c. High IR was present in 73.9% of self‑reported diabetics and 46.8% of those denying diabetes. Pearson chi‑square indicated a significant association between self‑report and IR levels (χ² = 18.861, df = 6, p = 0.004). Spearman correlation showed a marginal negative association (ρ = −0.131, p = 0.051). Conclusions: Self‑report aligns with biochemical markers for most diagnosed individuals, but a meaningful minority—especially those denying or unsure of diabetes—had undiagnosed diabetes or elevated IR. Some self‑reported diabetics with normal HbA1c likely reflect well‑controlled disease. Routine biochemical screening and targeted risk assessment are recommended.
Clinical Evaluation of Pethidine in Vaginal Labor: A Prospective Cohort Study at Soba and Saad Abo Alella University Hospitals.”
Abstract Background: labor divided into three stage, stage one cervical dilated from ( 0-10cm), stage 2 the fetal head begin to descend causing perineal distention and activating somatic nociceptive pathway and stage three the delivery of the placenta, Pethidine is narcotic opioid analgesic pregnancy category C drugs. The aim of the study is to find out if pethidine has a significant role in the vaginal delivery (reducing pain and assistant cervical dilation). Method: prospective cohort study from Saad Abo Alella University Hospital and Soba University Hospital including 385 delivered women ,317 didn’t take pethidine and 68 took it. Results: the severity of labour pain reduced in group given pethidine. The number of contraction was increased comparing before and after pethidine, 56% (2 contractions per 10 minute before giving pethidine) and 74% (3 contractions per 10 minute after giving pethidine). The number of cases converted to section in group of pethidine was 21% compared to 11.7% in group without pethidine. Time consumed in stage 2; for group without pethidine 36.3% (8–20 min) and pethidine group 36.8% (21–45 min). Pain severity decreased significantly after pethidine administration (p < 0.05), while the rate of cesarean section increased compared to placebo. Conclusion: pethidine reduce the severity of pain and increase the number of contraction but on the other hand increased the length of stage 2 compared to the group without pethidine and also increased the incidence of those referred to cesarean section.
Molecular Docking Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from Lepidium sativum as Potential Breast Cancer Inhibitors Using AutoDock Vina
Breast cancer is a complicated and multidimensional disease that has emerged as one of the world's top causes of death for women, which emphasises the significance of developing novel and efficient treatments. Molecular docking has become an essential part of drug discovery and facilitating the identification of possibilities of therapeutic agents, as it predicts the binding affinities of the therapeutic agents to the target proteins. A molecular docking analysis of 10 bioactive compounds of Lepidium sativum with the target protein of tyrosine kinase (Protein Data Bank (PDB) ID: 1M17) was done using AutoDock Vina to identify potential breast cancer inhibitors. The top 4 compounds identified that displayed high binding affinity to the target breast cancer protein were stigmasterol (-9.6 kcal/mol), 1,3-dibenzyl-1,3-bis[(1R)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxy-ethyl]urea (-8.4 kcal/mol), semilepidinside (-7.7 kcal/mol), and delta-tocopherol (-7.4 kcal/mol). Through detailed analysis of binding poses, the molecular interaction reveals that these compounds exhibited different interactions such as hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with the essential amino acids in the binding pocket. These results propose the identified phytochemicals in Lepidium sativum as possible potential candidates as breast cancer inhibitors. Nevertheless, additional in vitro and in vivo experiments are required to confirm those computational results and investigate their therapeutic possibilities.
Determining the concentrations of some essential elements in powdered infant formula in the Al-Khums region of Libya.
Background: Milk is a rich source of protein, fats, and essential minerals, and is considered an ideal food for humans. For infants, breast milk is usually the sole source of nutrition during the first four months of life. The best way to feed an infant is through exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, followed by breastfeeding with the introduction of complementary foods after six months. In pharmacies, parents have complete faith in the nutritional claims printed on infant formula cans. Amis: This study aimed to verify whether the contents of the cans matched these claims by determining the concentrations of certain essential elements in five brands of powdered infant formula sold in pharmacies in Al-Khums, Libya in 2025, and their compliance with international standards. Methods: Subjected five brands to rigorous testing, going beyond visual inspection to include the use of stringent analytical techniques. These techniques ranged from drying and burning to assess physical stability to flame spectroscopy and titration to determine mineral content. Results: Despite the stable physical structure, with a moisture content of 4.90% and an ash content of 2.90%, the electrolyte analysis revealed a concerning imbalance. A severe and persistent potassium deficiency was observed, accompanied by sharply elevated sodium levels exceeding acceptable limits. Conclusion: Although calcium and iron levels remained within acceptable ranges, this electrolyte imbalance poses a hidden risk to the infants' kidney health, necessitating immediate regulatory intervention and an update to laboratory testing procedures.
Study of the Physicochemical Properties of Different Hair and Body Shampoo Samples Available in the Local Market of Al Khums, Libya
Background: Shampoos, whether for hair or body, are linked to the process of cleaning and removing dirt and oils from the hair and body parts, which has prompted researchers to study them in recent years to emphasizes about the shampoo requirement, its role in cleaning, composition, types and evaluation. Aims: The aim of this study was to perform a comparative physicochemical analysis of hair care versus body care shampoo formulations, searching for physical or chemical differences to justify the varied use. The goal of this study was to assess the physicochemical characteristics of hair and body shampoo samples consistent with those observed differences. Methods: Each sample was analyzed for surface tension, foam height, PH, Total Dissolve Solids (TDS), Refractive Index (R.I), and Brix%. Results: The results clearly indicated significant differences consistent with the descriptions according to the formulations as each scenario. In the body shampoos, the lower surface tension numbers indicated that the surfactants were better able to bring down surface tension. The body shampoos expectedly had higher foam heights, meeting the sensory needs of the consumer behavior. Anecdotally, it appeared that some hair shampoos had lower foams indicating that there were Conditioning Agents (C.A.) present likely added to better protect the hair shaft. The hair shampoos also tended to be more acidic when measuring PH, which was beneficial, and overall, not damaging the cuticle scales; however, both types provided high TDS, election conductivity, or the added use of electrolytes (salts) to modify viscosity. Conclusion: Overall, the differences observed in both product types were likely greater due to intentional differences made for the sake of specific functional biologically needs (skin health v. hair health) and sensory performance.
Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 among pediatric diarrheal cases in Misurata, Libya
Background: Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a major pathogen transmitted through food; it is associated with severe stomach illnesses such as bleeding in the intestines and kidney failure due to destruction of red blood cells (HUS). Even though this organism plays a critical role in clinical settings, many labs do not identify it on a regular basis. Aims: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 among children with diarrhea in Misurata, Libya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 on 124 children aged five days to thirteen years admitted to Misurata Central Hospital. Specimens were collected from stool samples and rectal swabs. Initial isolation was performed using Sorbitol MacConkeخy (SMAC) agar to identify sorbitol non-fermenting isolates, followed by biochemical identification. Molecular confirmation was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect stx1 and stx2 genes. Results: Four isolates (3.2%) were sorbitol-negative, of which only one (0.8%) was confirmed as E. coli O157:H7. The confirmed case was a 26-month-old boy presenting with severe diarrhea and dehydration. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between observed and expected regional prevalence. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was low, its potential to cause severe disease highlights the need for improved diagnostic strategies, including molecular methods, as well as strengthened surveillance systems and public health interventions in Libya.
Sterigmatocystin an emerging mycotoxin – a comprehensive review
Background: Sterigmatocystin (STC) is an indoor air and food mycotoxin contaminant, which formed by several fungal genera, most notably Aspergillus species. It is responsible for human esophageal, gastric and lung cancer. It is grouped as Group 2B carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), STC shares structural and biosynthetic similarities with aflatoxin B1, underscoring its toxicological relevance. Global climate change has expanded the occurrence of STC beyond tropical regions into temperate zones, raising significant food safety concerns. Amis: This review consolidates current knowledge on STC occurrence in food, feed, and indoor air, its biosynthesis, methods of isolation and detection, biological activities, and toxicological effects. Methods: The literature review was conducted using two major scientific databases, PubMed and Google Scholar. The keyword “sterigmatocystin” was applied to retrieve relevant publications, and articles were selected for citation based on the significance of the information they provided. Results: Analytical advances such as LC-MS/MS, High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS), and biosensor technologies have improved detection sensitivity, while biological detoxification strategies using lactic acid bacteria show promise in mitigating contamination. Despite these developments, gaps remain in understanding STC’s toxicological mechanisms, transmission in food chains, and regulatory thresholds. Conclusion: This work stresses the need for sustained research to illuminate STC’s health risks and to establish effective preventive strategies.
Biomarker Evaluation in Hemodialysis Patients at Al'assabiea Unit, Libya.
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Hemodialysis is widely used to remove metabolic waste products and maintain biochemical balance in patients with advanced renal failure. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hemodialysis on key biochemical parameters in patients with chronic renal failure at the Al'assabiea Dialysis Unit, Libya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted including 10 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing regular hemodialysis and 10 healthy controls. Blood samples were collected before and after dialysis sessions. Biochemical parameters including urea, creatinine, glucose, uric acid, electrolytes, and hemoglobin were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with p<0.05 considered significant. The p-values were calculated using paired and independent t-tests as appropriate, comparing pre- vs. post-dialysis values within the patient group, and patient values vs. controls. Results: Hemodialysis resulted in a statistically significant reduction in urea and creatinine levels (p<0.05). Blood glucose levels increased significantly after dialysis (p<0.05). Hemoglobin levels were lower in patients compared to controls. No significant changes were observed in sodium, potassium, or chloride levels. Conclusion: Hemodialysis is effective in reducing uremic toxins such as urea and creatinine in CRF patients. However, the observed increase in blood glucose highlights the importance of routine monitoring during dialysis sessions. Addressing anemia and ensuring metabolic stability remain essential components of patient management.
Toxoplasmosis in Gharyan- Libya: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors
The seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection were examined among high-risk groups in Gharyan, Libya—a semi-arid region with limited prior data. Given the severe health risks of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women, and the scaricity of studies from western Libya, this research aimed to address a key knowledge gap while comparing results with those from humid coastal cities. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023, involving 45 blood donors, 40 hemodialysis patients, and 146 pregnant women. A validated questionnaire was administered, and an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) was used to detect anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG/IgM antibodies. Results revealed an overall higher seroprevalence among hemodialysis patients (40.0%), followed by pregnant women (24.7%), and then blood donors (15.6%). Active (IgM+) infections were rare. Significant risk factors among pregnant women included consumption of unwashed vegetables, undercooked meat, cat ownership, and rural residence (aOR=2.05, aOR=2.87, aOR=3.15, aOR=3.42, respectively). A lower seroprevalence was observed in Gharyan municipality compared to coastal Libyan cities, indicating the influence of the dry climate. The study recommends that the relevant public health sector focus on food safety, particularly the sterilization of vegetables and thorough cooking of meat. It also suggests targeted screening in the first trimester as a routine procedure for pregnant women, especially in the 25-30 age group, and comprehensive serological screening for hemodialysis patients and blood donors to mitigate transmission risks.
Postoperative Hemorrhagic Complication After Elective Cesarean Section Under Spinal Anesthesia In Patients Receiving Long-Term Anticoagulant Therapy: Retrospective Study
Background: This study was conducted on pregnant women which admitted to obstetrics section of khoms Medical Center at the period from 15 July; to 15 October 2021 and the has been aimed to defining the severity of bleeding accounting in part for the variation in the rates of bleeding reported. Materials and Methods: The recent study conducted on 60 pregnant women admitted to obstetrics section, the information was obtained from registration book and the files of the patient including main medical problems after caesarean section are bleeding and coagulation, coagulopathy and anticoagulation used. Results: Pregnant women admission to obstetric section constituted 96.7% had bleeding during caesarean delivery, while 3% didn't bleeding during caesarean delivery. the commonest medication used its Low Molecular weight heparin LMWH 35%, the commonest coagulation problems were deep vein thrombosis 50%, and the most anticoagulation used was in the antepartum 66.7%. Conclusion: The study showed that a high percentage of patients had postpartum bleeding, and that all patients use anticoagulant drugs, most common indication use anticoagulation is (DVT) and mostly of patients exposure to obstetrical hemorrhagic from anticoagulation. which for women pregnancy received anticoagulation for long period causes death so important controlled during pregnancy
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Its Association with ABO/Rh Blood Groups among Pregnant Women Attending Yafran Hospital, Libya
Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread parasitic protozoan with significant public health implications, particularly for pregnant women due to the risk of congenital transmission. Data on seroprevalence and associated risk factors, including potential links with ABO/Rh blood groups, are scarce in Libya. Objective: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii (IgG and IgM) among pregnant women in Yafran, Libya, and to investigate its association with ABO/Rh blood groups and demographic factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2025 at Yafran General Hospital. A total of 80 pregnant women were enrolled. Serum samples were tested for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies using a commercial rapid immunochromatographic test (Cassette Test). ABO/Rh blood typing was performed using standard slide agglutination methods with monoclonal antisera. Data on demographic characteristics and potential risk factors were collected via a structured questionnaire. Results: The overall seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG was 26.25% (21/80), while IgM seropositivity was 1.25% (1/80), indicating a low rate of recent infection. Analysis by blood group showed the highest IgG seropositivity rates in women with O- (75%, 3/4) and B- (100%, 1/1) blood types, though sample sizes for these groups were small. The most common blood types, A+ and O+, showed seropositivity rates of 27.3% and 24.2%, respectively. No statistically significant associations were found between seropositivity and age, cat ownership, or history of miscarriage (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This study reveals a moderate seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in Yafran, Libya. The observed variations in seropositivity across different ABO/Rh blood groups warrant further investigation with larger sample sizes. The findings underscore the need for enhanced prenatal screening and health education programs focused on toxoplasmosis prevention in this region.
Insulin Resistance and Glycaemic Markers in NAFLD Patients
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disorder worldwide, mainly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the association between NAFLD and insulin resistance. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Zliten Medical Centre (ZMC) from February to August 2025. It included 85 participants (55 with NAFLD and 30 healthy controls). Age, gender, Body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c (glycated heamoglobin), and serum insulin were measured. Insulin resistance was assessed using the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index. Results: Patients with NAFLD had significantly higher BMI, FBG, HbA1c, serum insulin, and HOMA-IR compared to controls. Mann–Whitney U tests showed significant differences in HOMA-IR, HbA1c. Receiver Operator curve (ROC) analysis indicated excellent diagnostic accuracy for insulin and HOMA-IR (AUC) (Area under curve) ` ≈ 0.88). Regression analysis revealed that insulin and HOMA-IR were positively associated with NAFLD risk. The linear regression analysis revealed that among metabolic parameters in NAFLD group, HbA1c had a significant association with HOMA-IR, while BMI showed weak or non-significant relationships; the logistic regression model showed an excellent accuracy (AUC = 0.998), indicating strong prediction ability for NAFLD compared to previous studies. Conclusion: Insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in fatty liver development ,that could be concluded from elevated insulin, HOMA-IR, and impaired glycaemic control. higher BMI, further highlighting the underlying metabolic abnormalities. Insulin and HOMA-IR may be used as clinical markers for identifying high-risk individuals. Early diagnosis and lifestyle modification targeting insulin resistance are recommended.
Evaluation of Some Active Components of Palm Leaves (phoenix dactylifera) Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts and Study of Their Biological Effects
Introduction: Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) leaves are a widely available natural resource in Libya. Previous studies have demonstrated that various parts of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) contain bioactive secondary metabolites with potential therapeutic applications, including antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Aims: This study investigated the bioactive secondary metabolites present in three commonly cultivated date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) leaf varieties in Libya: Tabuni, Hamuri, and Ammi. The aim was to conduct a phytochemical screening and evaluate the antibacterial activity of selected Libyan date palm leaf extracts. Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed to identify the active constituents in the palm leaves. This was followed by quantitative assessment of specific compounds (moisture and Ash content) and evaluation of their biological efficacy against bacterial isolates including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using the zone of inhibition method. Results: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanol and aqueous extracts showed that the leaves are rich in active compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenes, and terpenoids, while resins and alkaloids were not found in any of the dissolving extracts. The study also found that the leaves contained a moderate percentage of moisture and ash. The highest moisture percentage was recorded in Ammi leaves (9.96%), which is very close to Hamuri leaves (9.03%). On the other hand, the lowest percentage was recorded in Tabuni leaves at 6.45%. The highest ash content was found in Ammi leaves at 5.9% and the lowest in Tabuni leaves at 3.825%. Hamuri leaves had an ash content of 4.7%. The alcoholic extract of palm leaves showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at all concentrations, with the largest growth inhibitory zones observed at a concentration of 100 mg/ml for all samples. The only exception was related to the Tabuni extract at the concentration of 12.5 mg/ml. In contrast, the results showed insensitivity of Escherichia coli to the extracts of the study. Conclusion: Palm leaf extracts show antibacterial activity; more studies are needed to quantify this activity. The Hamuri and Ammi extracts demonstrated superior antibacterial activity compared to Tabuni, especially against Staphylococcus aureus, with phytochemical richness varying among varieties. The lack of activity against Escherichia coli is consistent with the greater resistance of Gram-negative bacteria due to their outer membrane structure.
Assessment of prescription pattern and prescription errors at primary healthcare centres in Alkhoms city, northwestern of Libya
Background: The medical prescription is a handwritten or electronic computerised legal document. It must include all the required information, and adhere to the prescription writing guidelines, to be considered valid. In Libya, many of the previous studies reported the majority of prescriptions are handwritten and contain medication errors arise due to the high missing for legal or procedural requirements in the medical prescriptions by the majority of physicians. Consequently, the present study is designed to help in understanding the medical prescription practices and errors, which will lead to developing the healthcare system in Libya. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prescription patterns and prescription errors in outpatient prescriptions issued by physicians working in primary healthcare centres at the Alkhoms city, northwestern of Libya. Methods: A comprehensive analytical study was carried out to evaluate the outpatient prescriptions patterns and errors. A total of 405 outpatient prescriptions issued by physicians and specialist working in various primary healthcare centres in the Alkhoms city and its suburbs in northwestern of Libya, were collected from several pharmacies and assessed. The study was lasted three months and used the random sampling method. Results: A total number of 405 prescriptions contains on 1852 drugs were reviewed in this study. The percentage of handwritten prescriptions and computer typed prescriptions were (98.51%) and (1.48%), respectively. The average number of drugs per prescription was 4.57. Most of the physicians prescribed drugs using their brand names (96.06%). The name of the patient was not mentioned on 5.19% of the prescriptions., whereas, the prescriber' name did not found on (80.25%) of the total prescriptions. The outcomes of the present study also displayed that the information related to the patient was usually available, in contrast, some important information related to the drugs was ignored in most of the prescriptions including the route of drug administration (71.12%). A half of the examined prescriptions was approximately lacked to information about the diagnosis (48.40%), and (29.62%) of the prescriptions lacked to the date of the prescription. Conclusions: The present study shows a low level of commitment with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines related to prescribing indicators, and high prescription errors. Moreover, according to the finding of this study, we recommend to introduce the use of electronic prescriptions throughout the healthcare system in Libya. This will lead to update the prescription form to include all the elements recommended by the WHO in the prescription guidelines.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lebda Medical Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Mobile Phone BacterialContamination, and the level of students' awareness of the role ofimmune blood cells against these bacterial agents Among HealthSciences Students: Elmergib University (Al- Khums City)
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #548dd4; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;">Background<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;">: Mobile phones are an indispensable tool in students' academic and daily lives, and their frequent use makes them a potential means of transmitting bacteria from users' hands. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #548dd4; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;">Objectives:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #548dd4; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;">This study was conducted to identify bacteria present on touch screens of smartphones and to determine potential factors that may influence bacterial contamination of mobile phone surfaces with bacteria and the level of students' awareness of the role of immune blood cells against these bacterial agents of students of the faculty of Health Sciences in Al-Khums city. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #548dd4; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;">Methods:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #548dd4; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;">The study was conducted at the faculty of Health Sciences from November 2024 . 200 swabs were collected from 200 mobile phones, and a questionnaire was distributed to all participants to collect data. Swab samples were taken from participants' phones and cultured to identify bacterial contamination in the college's medical laboratory. Samples were cultured on blood agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Bacterial isolates were identified using conventional bacterial species identification methods. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #548dd4; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;">Results:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #548dd4; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;">Our results showed that the mobile phone contamination rate with microorganisms reached 95.7%, with 282 microbes isolated from 200 swabs. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common, accounting for 33.8%, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (20.3%), Streptococcus pyogenes (14.3%), Escherichia coli (10.3%) Staphylococcus aureus (10.3%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.0%), fungi (1.1%), and Klebsiella (0.7%) were also found. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #548dd4; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;">Conclusion:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #548dd4; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;">mobile phones can be heavily colonized by high quantities of pathogenic bacteria and thus potential sources of disease transmission requiring application of sound personal hygiene as preventive methods.
Fresh Frozen Plasma Quality Control at the Al Marj Central Blood Bank, Libya
Background: Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is a vital blood component used to treat coagulation disorders, and ensuring its quality is essential to prevent transfusion-related complications. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the quality of FFP prepared at the Al Marj Central Blood Bank, Libya, and to compare the findings with the international standards established by the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 FFP bags. Each unit was analyzed for volume, pH, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and residual cell counts after thawing, according to AABB procedures. Results: The mean FFP volume (193 ± 28 ml) was significantly below the AABB standard of 200–400 ml (p < 0.001). The mean pH (6.9 ± 0.45) and PT (13.7 ± 1.43 s) were within acceptable limits, while the mean PTT (35.6 ± 2.04 s) was slightly above the upper limit of the standard range (25–35 s), suggesting borderline prolongation. Importantly, the mean platelet count (31.1 ± 38.4 ×10⁹/L) exceeded the AABB limit (<5×10⁹/L). Conclusion: Although most parameters met AABB standards, the FFP units demonstrated reduced volume and elevated platelet counts, indicating possible inefficiencies in centrifugation and plasma separation processes. Optimization of preparation procedures is recommended to enhance FFP quality and ensure compliance with international standards.
Antimycobacterial Effect of Naphthoquinone Natural Derivatives Identified in Henna leaves against Three Target Enzymes by Molecular Docking.
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat, aggravated by rising drug resistance and treatment toxicity. Henna (Lawsonia inermis) is a plant commonly used in traditional medicine and folk cosmetics. The plant has topical anti-fungal effect, protect sunburn; topical analgesic and relief inflammation. However, their mechanism of action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not yet fully characterized. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the antimycobacterial effect of naphthoquinones natural derivatives from henna leaves extract against M. tuberculosis by computational approach targeting three essential Mycobacterium enzymes involved in bacterial growth and survival; and to identify the interactions between the derivatives and the target protein. Methods: The plant leaves were extracted by maceration in methanol and then subjected to GC-MS analysis and naphthoquinones derivatives were identified. Thereafter, the derivatives were investigated by molecular docking against mycobacterial target proteins including: Protein kinase G (PknG, PDB ID: 3CKQ), 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol cytidyltransferase (IspD) and UDP-glucose-specific glycosyltransferase. Results: The docking results revealed that four Naphthoquinone compounds, 5-Hyroxy-1,4 Naphthoquinone, 2-Amino-3-chloro-1,4 Naphthoquinone and Coumarin-3-carboxylic acid exhibited binding affinities of −7.6, −8.2, −9.0, and −12.5 kcal mol−1 respectively, against protein kinase G, IspD and UDP-glucose-specific glycosyltransferase. Coumarin-3-carboxylic acid was a most promising candidate among the derivatives investigated achieved optimal binding stability and high inhibitory potential. Conclusion: The molecular docking analysis showed a significant antituberculosis potential of naphthoquinone derivatives found in henna leaves, particularly Coumarin-3-carboxylic acid as a promising lead for PknG inhibition. These findings provide a rationale for further biological validation and development of novel phytochemical-based therapeutics against drug-resistant TB. Further validating an in vivo activity of derivatives will be recommended.
Pharmacists’ Perspectives on Clinical Pharmacy Practice and Willingness to Engage in Structured Training: An Expanded Analysis from Libya
Background: Pharmacy practice in Libya is shifting from dispensing-focused roles toward patient-centred clinical services, but training gaps and policy barriers remain. Objectives: To describe demographic and practice profiles of pharmacists in Libya, assess awareness and attitudes toward clinical pharmacy, determine willingness to undertake structured training, and identify barriers and facilitators for implementation. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of 65 licensed pharmacists from public and private sectors was conducted. Data included demographics, practice setting, prior clinical training, training preferences, and perceived barriers; quantitative summaries and qualitative synthesis were performed. Results: Respondents were predominantly female (62%) and mostly aged 30–39 years (49%). Hospital pharmacists comprised 55% of respondents. Prior structured clinical training was reported by 31%; 83% expressed willingness to engage in structured training. Preferred modalities were interactive workshops (74%), in-hospital rotations (61%), and blended learning (55%). Main barriers were lack of institutional support (58%), time constraints, and unclear career recognition. Conclusions: Libyan pharmacists show strong willingness for structured clinical training but face systemic and institutional barriers. Policy action, accredited training pathways, and institutional support are required to integrate clinical pharmacy sustainably into Libyan healthcare.
A Integrating Bromatology into Pharmacy Curricula: A Strategic Approach to Enhance Pharmaceutical Competencies and Support Public Health
Pharmacy education is undergoing a paradigm shift to align with the evolving demands of healthcare and the expanding role of pharmacists in public health. This study explored the integration of bromatology into pharmacy curricula as a strategic approach to enhance pharmaceutical competencies and strengthen public health contributions. A cross-sectional survey design was employed with a total of 153 participants, including pharmacy students (n = 79), practicing pharmacists (n = 51), and pharmacy faculty members (n = 23). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire composed of fifteen items divided into three domains (1) Integrative curriculum components, (2) Pharmaceutical competencies, and (3) Public health. Responses were measured on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive results indicated strong support across all domains, with the majority of participants agreeing that bromatology integration is essential for advancing pharmacy education, improving analytical and professional competencies, and enhancing the pharmacist’s role in community health. Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences among groups across the three domains. Faculty members consistently demonstrated stronger endorsement of bromatology integration compared with students and practicing pharmacists, suggesting that academic leaders recognize its strategic importance in curriculum reform. The findings align with international research emphasizing curricular integration as a means of bridging theoretical and practical knowledge, improving student performance, and aligning pharmacy education with public health objectives. Integrating bromatology is therefore not merely an academic addition but a forward-looking reform that prepares pharmacists to manage food drug interactions, provide nutritional counseling, and contribute meaningfully to chronic disease prevention and health promotion. This study concludes that bromatology integration represents an investment in both the quality of pharmacy education and the advancement of public healthcare systems
A Comparative Evaluation of Agar Diffusion and Volatilization Methods For Assessing the Antibacterial Activity of essential oil of Libyan Artemisia judaica Against Pathogenic Bacteria
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious global health challenge, demanding alternative therapeutic options. Essential oils (EOs) are complex, volatile mixtures with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and reduced likelihood of resistance development. Artemisia judaica has been traditionally used for its medicinal effects, yet limited data exist regarding its antibacterial potential against clinically relevant pathogens under different assay conditions. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of A. judaica essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using agar diffusion (direct contact) and volatilization (vapour phase) assays. Methods: Aerial parts of A. judaica collected from Al-Awaynat (Libya) were subjected to hydrodistillation via a Clevenger-type apparatus to obtain the EO. Antibacterial activity was assessed against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa following CLSI-adapted protocols. Agar well diffusion and volatilization assays were employed, with levofloxacin serving as a positive control. Zones of inhibition (ZOIs) were measured, and mean values ± standard deviation were recorded. Results: The EO yield was 0.8% ± 0.05 (v/w). In agar diffusion assays, inhibition zones measured 13.5 ± 2.1 mm for S. aureus and 24.3 ± 5.6 mm for P. aeruginosa, with activity against P. aeruginosa surpassing levofloxacin (20.5 ± 0.7 mm). By contrast, volatilization assays showed minimal and uniform activity (8.0 ± 0.0 mm) for both strains, indicating limited vapour-phase antibacterial potential. Conclusion: A. judaica essential oil demonstrates strong antibacterial activity in direct-contact assays, particularly against P. aeruginosa, but negligible vapour-phase effects. These findings suggest its potential application in topical or direct-contact formulations rather than airborne disinfection, and highlight the importance of assay selection in EO bioactivity profiling.
Evaluation of Vitamin D Levels in the Municipality of Zillah
Vitamin D, a fat-soluble prohormone, is essential for calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. Its role, however, extends to a wide range of physiological processes, including immune regulation, cell proliferation, and cardiovascular health. Despite abundant sunlight in many regions, vitamin D deficiency is a global pandemic affecting all age groups. In Libya, lifestyle and cultural factors may contribute to a high prevalence of this deficiency, yet localized data, particularly from desert regions like Al-Jufra, remains scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among the adult population in the municipality of Zillah, and to investigate potential differences based on gender. A cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2023 and June 2024. A total of 100 adult participants were recruited from the Al-Watan Polyclinic in Zillah. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] levels were measured using a fluorescence immunoassay (FIA) analyzer. Vitamin D status was categorized as deficient, insufficient, or sufficient. Data on demographics, sun exposure habits, and dietary intake were collected via a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010 for descriptive statistics. The study revealed a high prevalence of suboptimal vitamin D status. Only 35% of participants had sufficient vitamin D levels. A significant portion of the population was found to be insufficient or deficient. Gender-specific analysis indicated that males had a higher rate of deficiency compared to females. Conversely, females exhibited a higher prevalence of insufficiency compared to males. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are highly prevalent in the Zillah municipality, representing a significant public health concern. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted public health strategies, including awareness campaigns about safe sun exposure, dietary counseling, and food fortification. Regular screening, particularly for at-risk populations, is crucial for early detection and intervention to mitigate the long-term health consequences associated with vitamin D deficiency.
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Libyan Propolis
Propolis, a natural resinous substance collected by honeybees, exhibits diverse biological activities due to its rich phytochemical composition. This study aimed to characterize the chemical profile of Libyan propolis and evaluate its antibacterial efficacy. Samples were collected from local beehives, extracted using ethanol and methanol, and analyzed via spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. The propolis contained Carbohydrates (405.97 mg/g), Tannins (17.5 mg/g), Flavonoids (112.28 mg/g), Phenols (50.25 mg/g), Alkaloids (24.20 mg/g), Saponins (20.50 mg/g), proteins (202.97 mg/g), crude Lipids (23.9%), crude Fiber (11.7%), and Ash (9.43%). The Ethanolic Extract Demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with inhibition zones comparable to gentamicin. These findings highlight the potential of Libyan propolis as a natural antimicrobial agent.
Effect of Crude Ethanolic Extract of Mangosteen Pericarp (Garcinia mangostana Linn.): A Comprehensive Review
Garcinia mangostana L., known as mangosteen, is a tropical tree whose fruit pericarp has been extensively used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments. The crude ethanolic extract of mangosteen pericarp (CEMP) is a rich source of bioactive xanthones, with α-mangostin being the most prominent. This comprehensive review aims to consolidate and critically evaluate the existing scientific literature on the biological effects and pharmacological potential of CEMP. We systematically analyzed published studies from electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The findings reveal that CEMP exhibits a wide spectrum of potent pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective effects. These activities are primarily attributed to the xanthones' ability to modulate key signalling pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and their interaction with various enzymatic systems. Despite the promising in vitro and in vivo evidence, a significant gap exists in clinical research that translates these findings into human therapeutics. This review highlights the robust pharmacological profile of CEMP, underscores the need for more detailed mechanistic studies and standardized clinical trials, and discusses its potential as a source for developing novel natural-based drugs.
Comparative Study between Paracetamol 500 mg tablets manufactured by Tunisian Teriak laboratories and Paracetamol 500 mg tablets manufactured by England GlaxoSmithKline
The study was conducted to determine whether paracetamol tablets manufactured in England GlaxoSmithkliene (GSK) companies and Tunisian Teriak laboratories demonstrate comparable performance when subjected to standard official pharmacopeial quality tests. The evaluations and assessment was done by weight uniformity, friability, disintegration, dissolution, and assay of active ingredient content using UV spectrophotometry in the laboratory. The results shows that products exceeded the minimum requirements set by pharmacopeial standards, Quality control testing included weight uniformity (mean ± SD: GSK tablets = 500.8 ± 2.1 mg; Teriak = 501.3 ± 2.4 mg), friability (0.21 ± 0.02% and 0.24 ± 0.03% for Teriak tablets), disintegration time (3.2 ± 0.4 min and 3.5 ± 0.5 min respectively), dissolution at 30 min (98.5 ± 1.2% and 97.8 ± 1.5%), and assay of active ingredient by UV spectrophotometry (100.2 ± 0.8% and 99.9 ± 0.9%). The results were distinguished in GSK tablets which showed a slightly faster dissolution rate, similarity factor analysis (F2 = 68.4) confirmed equivalence between profiles, both formulations remained well within acceptable limits, indicating that patients can expect equivalent therapeutic efficacy regardless of the country of manufacture.
Review of Migraine as a Neurovascular Disorder: Causes, Biochemical Changes, and Comparative Treatments
Migraine is a chronic neurovascular disorder and one of the most disabling neurological conditions worldwide. It is characterized by recurrent attacks of unilateral, pulsating headache accompanied by nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia, with or without aura. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis. Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple susceptibility loci, while hormonal fluctuations, stress, sleep disturbance, and dietary factors act as common triggers. Biochemically, cortical spreading depression, activation of the trigeminovascular system, and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and serotonin dysregulation are central to attack generation. Epidemiological studies reveal that migraine affects over one billion people globally, with a higher prevalence among women, particularly during reproductive years, underscoring the role of sex hormones. Acute management includes NSAIDs, triptans, gepants, and lasmiditan, with antiemetics for nausea. Preventive strategies are indicated in frequent or disabling attacks and include beta-blockers, topiramate, valproate, antidepressants, and the newer anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies. Non-pharmacological approaches such as lifestyle modification, trigger avoidance, cognitive behavioral therapy, and neuromodulation devices complement drug therapy. Advances in targeted treatments have improved outcomes, but equitable access remains a challenge. Optimized, individualized therapy offers significant potential to reduce disability and improve quality of life for patients with migraine.
Real-World Effectiveness of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA): A Physician Survey on Failure Rates and Contributing Factors
Background: Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a widely used contraceptive, but real-world data on its performance remain limited. Objective: This study evaluates physician-reported experiences with DMPA, focusing on failure rates, side effects, and prescribing trends. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 34 obstetrician-gynecologists in Libya assessed: (1) contraceptive failure rates and causes, (2) side effect prevalence, (3) patient adherence behaviors, and (4) provider preferences. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively; qualitative responses were thematically coded. Results: Failure rates: 61.8% of physicians reported 0–1% failure (consistent with perfect use), while 29.4% observed 2–3% failure (attributed to non-compliance [32.4%] and improper administration [29.4%]). Side effects: Irregular bleeding affected 52.9% of users; 38.2% experienced multiple concurrent side effects. Discontinuation due to side effects occurred in 38.2% of cases. Prescribing patterns: 50% of providers preferentially recommended DMPA for specific patients (e.g., those needing estrogen-free options), while 35.3% favored alternatives due to adherence challenges. Conclusions: While DMPA demonstrates high efficacy in ideal use, real-world effectiveness is compromised by adherence barriers and side effects. Targeted interventions—including improved provider training, patient counseling, and reminder systems—could optimize outcomes. These findings support individualized contraceptive counseling and underscore the need for accessible alternatives in clinical practice.
Does DYRK1A Regulate REST in Lung cancer?
Purpose: The aims of this study were: (1) to screen a panel of lung cell lines for expression of DYRK1A protein (2) To investigate the correlation between DYRK1A and REST in normal lung and lung cancer. (3) To test whether DYRK1A depletion or chemical inhibition alters REST levels in lung cancer. (4) To determine if DYRK1A affects the transcription of the REST-target gene CHGB. Method: Western blots were performed to detect the expression of DYRK1A and REST protein in extracts from normal lung cell lines, SCLC, carcinoid and NSCLC. siRNA silencing, we used 4 oligos for DYRK1A and tow positive control (2 oligos for REST) and non-targeting oligo as negative control. Harmine as specific DYRK1A inhibitor. MTS assay to tested cell viability and qRT-PCR to examine REST target gene transcript (CHGB). Results: we found that DYRK1A expressed more in lung cancer than normal lung cell lines and there was a good correlation between DYRK1A and REST protein in normal lung cell lines. However, this correlation lost in some NSCLC cell lines. Also, DYRK1A depletion reduced REST level in H460 cell line. As well as the inhibition of DYRK1A in A549 reduce REST level. Finaly, CHGB responsed to DYRK1A inhibition in A549 and toDYRK1A depletion in H460 cell lines.