Evaluation of Vitamin D Levels in the Municipality of Zillah

Abstract

Vitamin D, a fat-soluble prohormone, is essential for calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. Its role, however, extends to a wide range of physiological processes, including immune regulation, cell proliferation, and cardiovascular health. Despite abundant sunlight in many regions, vitamin D deficiency is a global pandemic affecting all age groups. In Libya, lifestyle and cultural factors may contribute to a high prevalence of this deficiency, yet localized data, particularly from desert regions like Al-Jufra, remains scarce.

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among the adult population in the municipality of Zillah, and to investigate potential differences based on gender.

A cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2023 and June 2024. A total of 100 adult participants were recruited from the Al-Watan Polyclinic in Zillah. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] levels were measured using a fluorescence immunoassay (FIA) analyzer. Vitamin D status was categorized as deficient, insufficient, or sufficient. Data on demographics, sun exposure habits, and dietary intake were collected via a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010 for descriptive statistics.

The study revealed a high prevalence of suboptimal vitamin D status. Only 35% of participants had sufficient vitamin D levels. A significant portion of the population was found to be insufficient or deficient. Gender-specific analysis indicated that males had a higher rate of deficiency compared to females. Conversely, females exhibited a higher prevalence of insufficiency compared to males.

Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are highly prevalent in the Zillah municipality, representing a significant public health concern. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted public health strategies, including awareness campaigns about safe sun exposure, dietary counseling, and food fortification. Regular screening, particularly for at-risk populations, is crucial for early detection and intervention to mitigate the long-term health consequences associated with vitamin D deficiency.