Toxoplasmosis in Gharyan- Libya: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors

Abstract

The seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection were examined among high-risk groups in Gharyan, Libya—a semi-arid region with limited prior data. Given the severe health risks of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women, and the scaricity of studies from western Libya, this research aimed to address a key knowledge gap while comparing results with those from humid coastal cities. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023, involving 45 blood donors, 40 hemodialysis patients, and 146 pregnant women. A validated questionnaire was administered, and an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) was used to detect anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG/IgM antibodies. Results revealed an overall higher seroprevalence among hemodialysis patients (40.0%), followed by pregnant women (24.7%), and then blood donors (15.6%). Active (IgM+) infections were rare. Significant risk factors among pregnant women included consumption of unwashed vegetables, undercooked meat, cat ownership, and rural residence (aOR=2.05, aOR=2.87, aOR=3.15, aOR=3.42, respectively). A lower seroprevalence was observed in Gharyan municipality compared to coastal Libyan cities, indicating the influence of the dry climate. The study recommends that the relevant public health sector focus on food safety, particularly the sterilization of vegetables and thorough cooking of meat. It also suggests targeted screening in the first trimester as a routine procedure for pregnant women, especially in the 25-30 age group, and comprehensive serological screening for hemodialysis patients and blood donors to mitigate transmission risks.